Alcohol And Its Effect On Society - 2682 Words

Throughout our history, alcohol has been around for over 100 years. Alcohol has been used for many purposes such as medicinal; to receive nutrients in the body and fore most the biggest role it has served is as an intoxication. Everyone, from our ancestors to now, have used it as a way to relieve stress; to not feel any type of pain, or as a way to party and get their mind off of things for a while. In addition, alcohol is also used to increase an individual’s appetite. It may benefit some but it has increasingly grown throughout the years, all around the world. It first was created for a medicinal purpose in the late eighteenth century. In the late eighteenth century alcohol was named spirits. It grew in markets as well as in Britain. Later on, in Britain the amount of alcohol being consumed grew to an amount of eighteen million gallons. After the eighteenth century, in the nineteenth century changes were highly made, such as the way alcohol was moved and promoted, taking in consideration the attitudes it was causing all throughout. In the early 1920’s the United States had passed a law that prohibited the sale of alcohol as well as the import and export. Stating that law, trading began to be illegal by the 1930s. Causing all to illegally trade their alcohol all around. Since that was occurring the law was later on cancelled. In today’s century, alcohol has been the major cause of car accidents and deaths. To some, their young adolescent years has been the right phase inShow MoreRelatedAlcohol And Its Effects On Society1647 Words   |  7 Pagesknown as alcohol. Most people do not consider alcohol a threat to society.or think that it should be a controlled substance. They feel that as long as they do not drink too much, there is no harm in it, but they are wrong. Alcohol should be categorized as a controlled substance because it causes health problems, impairs judgment, contributes drastically to accidents, is extremely addictive, increases abuse and crime, escalates divorce rates, and is especially harmful to teen drinkers. Alcohol causesRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol On The Society2170 Words   |  9 Pages Alcohol, or more accurately identified as ethanol, is the type of alcohol in alcoholic beverages. It can be a very controlling and addictive drug. Alcohol can be produced both synthetically and naturally through the process of fermentation of fruits, vegetables, and grains. Although alcohol can be considered a social icebreaker and may seem to produce an energy rush, this initial reaction hides alcohol’s true effects as a depressant that slows the nervous system. Alcohol can affect a person’sRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol And Drugs On Society Essay1510 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol’s importance in our social history is sufficiently great. Even more significant is the abuse of alcohol and how alcohol has affected modern society. For several decades, alcohol and drugs has been a major problem in our society. Not only has the drug problem increased but also drug related proble ms are rising day by day. There is no crime in the world that kills teenagers more than alcohol does. Those substances affect the body in many ways. As they say, anything that anyone gets addicted toRead MoreAlcohol Drugs And Its Effects On Society940 Words   |  4 Pagesdrugs; alcohol which is a licit drug, and heroin which is an illicit drug. We will touch the following subjects and how they may impact the family, what the impact is on themselves and comparing what continued use could do and the benefits they would have from quitting. Alcohol is a licit drug that many people have tried; in the United States, 86.8% of people reported to drinking alcohol at least once in their life. When people abuse alcohol, it is known as alcoholism. Not only does alcohol have aRead MoreThe Effects Of Drugs And Alcohol On Society1552 Words   |  7 Pages everyone tells me I am happy, I help others in need, I am respectful, and I am imaginative. My parents have always been positive influences in my life. They have helped me in being the person who I am today. I have been shown that drugs and alcohol are not needed at a young age, or at all. When you are older and your brain has fully developed maybe then you can start drinking. Drugs can harm you and put you down a terrible path. By this, it has helped me make positive choices in my life. I eatRead MoreThe Effects Of Alcohol And Drug Abuse On People, Families, Friends And Society1013 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain why alcohol and drug abuse have a negative impact on people, families, friends and society. The abuse of alcohol and drugs knows no boundaries, it does not discriminate. It affects rich and poor, black and white, young and old. Many people don’t consider alcohol as a drug since it is â€Å"legal† after age 21, but in reality it is one of the most addictive â€Å"legal† substances on the planet. They don’t realize that they have a problem when in reality what they have is an addiction. Alcohol isn’t theRead MoreAlcoholism : A Growing Problem1468 Words   |  6 Pagesgrowing problem in today s society. What is alcoholism? Is it a disease? What are the causes of it? What toll does alcohol abuse have on individuals? American society? American economy? What kind of treatments are available to reduce/cure alcoholism? What is alcoholism? Alcoholism is a physical or psychological need for an alcoholic beverage, which is taken for non-medical reasons and produces a noticeable effect on the body (Sheen 93). People develop the need for alcohol for many different reasonsRead MoreThe Effects of Alcohol Abuse1472 Words   |  6 Pagesdoing things they should not. Alcohol is one of those things. Alcohol is extremely easy to get ahold of. It can be attained from anywhere; there are bars and liquor stores on every corner. One can get alcohol in grocery stores, gas stations, people can even brew it themselves if they know how. Alcohol that is commonly abused comes in a large variety ranging from weaker alcohols like wine and beer to stronger substances like tequila and vodka. When one abuses alcohol it taints the minds of even theRead MoreEffects Of Alcohol During Athletic Activities816 Words   |  4 PagesAlcohol has many negative effects on those who participate in athletic activities. The NCAA warns â €Å"Excessive alcohol can lead to loss in balance and coordination, reduced reaction time, and increased appetite. The decline in cognitive function can lead to an increase in sports-related injuries† (SCAN Registered Dietitians, 2013). This only scratches the surface of negative effects. Drinking alcohol prior to an athletic event often leads to dehydration which causes problems such as â€Å"increased coreRead MoreThe Effects of Lowering the Drinking Age to 181126 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Woodward Rhetoric and Composition 15 December 2012 Lowering The Drinking Age Alcohol is considered to be a large problem in society today. Especially with young adults between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one. Which presents the question of whether or not the drinking age should be lowered. Lowering the legal drinking age to eighteen would have positive and negative influences on society. Positive through raising more government taxes and keep high school age and young college

Energy Conservation Free Essays

Abstract Energy management and conservation is an important tool to help enterprises to meet their critical objectives of short term and long term goals. The main objective of the energy conservation is to maximize the profit, minimize the cost of energy and to ensure sustainability in the long term. India is one of the largest tea producers in the world, with an annual production of more than 856,000 tons. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy Conservation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Estimates indicate that 1. 3 million tons of firewood and 435 million units of electricity are used annually for tea processing in India. The proposed Project would focus on how the production cost in tea industry can be reduced by using Energy efficient motors. Chapter1 details the problems faced by the tea industry in terms of electricity cost, textile industry, present efficiency levels in available motors, split of production cost , the methodology adopted to solve the problem, project objectives and scope of the project. Chapter2 briefs about Siemens Ltd, Vision ,Mission and Values of Siemens, major achievements over past 50 year, initiatives towards green and simple organisational chart of Siemens. Chapter3 discusses the problem at hand, the efficiency levels of motor in tea industry, Energy savings by Eff1 motors and trends in Energy Efficiency by various organisations. Chapter4 highlights the literatures reviewed and Energy management agreements from various countries. Energy conservation issues and Minimum Energy Performance Standard are also discussed. Chapter5 elaborates about tea plantation and production process in various regions of country. v arious terminologies , manufacturing process and types of tea available in tea market also elaborated in this section. Chapter6 shows the data needed to carry out this project. The data collected, details of the data collected and the analysis of the data carried out are also shown in this chapter. Chapter7 illustrates the analysis of energy saving in tea industry by energy efficient motors, selection of motors , life cycle cost of motor, energy efficiency comparison,losses in motors and energy saving by Eff1 motor Chapter8 gives the recommendations after taking all the factors in to account. The various recommendations are substantiated properly. Chapter9 gives the conclusion, graphical representation of energy saving in a tea industry, gains of the study, limitations of the study and the future work. The various literatures referred for the study and the additional information taken as reference for carrying out this project is given in the list of references . Motor Nomenclature, Standards , comparison of efficiency in various motors and energy saving obtained in two tea industries are given in the appendix. How to cite Energy Conservation, Essay examples Energy Conservation Free Essays ————————————————- A Study of Factors Influencing Energy Conservation Behavior Richard Semenik, University of Utah Russell Belk, University of Utah John Painter, University of Utah ABSTRACT – Previous research on factors that influence energy conservation behavior have almost without exception been restricted to demographic investigations using bivariate analyses. The present study attempts to go beyond prior research by using a richer set of non-demographic predictors in the context of gasoline conservation. Multivariate analysis of the predictors suggests that greater understanding of conserver and non-conserver groups can be achieved with a broader set of predictor variables. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy Conservation or any similar topic only for you Order Now [ to cite ]: Richard Semenik, Russell Belk, and John Painter (1982) ,†A Study of Factors Influencing Energy Conservation Behavior†, in NA – Advances in Consumer Research Volume 09, eds. Andrew Mitchell, Ann Abor, MI : Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 306-312. Advances in Consumer Research Volume 9, 1982 Pages 306-312 A STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING ENERGY CONSERVATION BEHAVIOR Richard Semenik, University of Utah Russell Belk, University of Utah John Painter, University of Utah ABSTRACT – Previous research on factors that influence energy conservation behavior have almost without exception been restricted to demographic investigations using bivariate analyses. The present study attempts to go beyond prior research by using a richer set of non-demographic predictors in the context of gasoline conservation. Multivariate analysis of the predictors suggests that greater understanding of conserver and non-conserver groups can be achieved with a broader set of predictor variables. INTRODUCTION The energy problems first highlighted by the 1973-74 gasoline and fuel oil shortages have spawned a considerable number of research efforts on the topic of energy conservation. Reviews by Anderson and Cullen (1979), Farhar, et al. (1979), Frankena, Buttell, and Morrison (1977), and Joerges (1979) classify over 300 energy consumption studies conducted during the Seventies. A major thrust in many of these studies has been the detection of factors affecting energy conservation. Such a focus on understanding who conserves and why they do so, is of obvious concern for formulating realistic public policies, effectively encouraging energy conservation, and recognizing problems in operationalizing energy conservation plans. However, despite the fact that a number of studies have been directed at finding correlates of energy conservation attitudes and behavior their findings have generally been weak and often contradictory. The following sections review the findings for the major categories of predictors which have been examined and discusses reasons for the inconsistencies. FACTORS RELATED TO INDIVIDUAL ENERGY CONSERVATION Income The one factor most studied for its relationship to energy conservation has been income. Income-related influences on conservation or non-conservation of energy seem to be sufficient to have created a confusing set of findings. Based on general indices or questions about energy conservation behavior some studies have found positive associations between energy conservation and income (Grier, 1976; Talarzyk and Omura, 1974) and between energy conservation and social class (Bultena, 1976). However other studies have found negative associations between energy conservation and income (Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977; Opinion Research Corporation, 1975c) as well as between energy conservation and social class (Gottlieb and Matre, 1975)o Still other studies have found that the middle income classes report the greatest level of energy conservation (Warren and Cliffords 1975; Kilkeary, 1975). And still other studies report no significant relationship between energy conservation and income (Hogan, 1976; Bartel, 1974). The same inconsistent pattern of findings has emerged when conservation of specific type of energy have been examined separately. For home heating conservation, the largest number of studies have found a positive association between income and conservation behaviors (Morrison and Gladhart, 1976; Murray et al. , 1974; Perlman and Warren, 1975a, 1975b; Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976). Nevertheless, there are again exceptions with some studies showing lower income households conserving more heating fuel (Newman and Day, 1975; WaLker and Draper, 1975) and some showing middle income households conserving more (Warkov, 1976), or that some heating conservation actions are more likely in low income households, while other heating conservation actions are more likely in high income households (Opinion Research Corporation, 1974b). The same inconsistency occurs for studies examining various aspects of gasoline energy conservation, except that in this case the preponderance of evidence shows a negative association between income and conservation (Gallup, 1977a; Opinion Research Corporation, 1976b; Roper, 1977a; Barnaby and Reizenstein, 1977; Newman and Day, 1975). The contradictory evidence either shows a positive association (Roper, 1977b; Murray, et al. 1974; Perlman and Warren, 1975a; Reizenstein and Barnaby 1976), a curvilinear association (Warkov, 1976), or no significant association between income and automobile-related energy conservation (Opinion Research Corporation. 1974c). Education The general expectation here would be that education and conservation would be positively associated. However a major complicating factor may be the positive association between education and income. Whether due to this association or to a similarity of energy conservation attitudes across education levels, the studies examining this variable again provide mixed results As expected the largest number of studies have obtained a positive association between education and conservation actions (Roper, 1977b; Survey Research Laboratory,1977; Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976; Thompson and MacTavish, 1976; Gallup, 1977a). The exceptions consist of findings of a curvilinear relationship between education and energy conservation (Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977), findings of a negative relationship (Opinion Research Corporation, 1974a, 1975a, 1975c), and findings of no significant education/ conservation relationship (Murray, et al. , 1974; Hogan, 1976) e Occupation Occupation has been studied less frequently and one reason may be that there is less of an intuitive basis for hypothesizing a relationship between occupation and energy conservation. The studies which have obtained a ignificant relationship between occupation and energy conservation practices and attitudes have found greater conservation by those with higher status occupations (Thompson and MacTavish, 1976; Opinion Research Corporation, 1975d). Other studies have found no differences in energy conservation by different occupational groups (Lowry and Good, 1977; Gallup 1974, 1977a). Some research has found little difference in overall conserva tion tendencies between occupational groups, but has found the nature of their conservation efforts to differ. For example, one study found that those in business and professional occupations reported a greater tendency to turn down home thermostats in cold weather, while clerical, sales and manual labor workers reported a greater tendency to turn off unused lights at home (Gallup, 1977b); Overall however, occupation does not appear to be a good predictor of energy conservation. Age Given the relationship between age and income, it might be expected that the young and old would find the greatest economic incentive for energy conservation, with less of this motivation among middle ages. But given that many energy-conserving behaviors (e. . walking, bicycling, turning down winter thermostats and turning up summer thermostats) may be less feasible for those in poor health, there are greater constraints acting on older consumers who might otherwise be more inclined to conserve through such behaviors. In terms of baseline rates of energy usage, it appears that middle-aged families (especially with children) have the highest levels of energy consumption, and therefore the greatest opportunity to conserve (Morrison and Gladhart, 1976). These mixed expectations are borne out by mixed findings relating energy conservation and age. For instance, Talarzyk and Omura (1974) report the least resistance to the idea of energy conservation by older consumers, but the greatest number of energy conservation activities by middle age consumers. Cunningham and Lopreato (1977) found the oldest and youngest consumers most likely to conserve, but also found that for some conservation behaviors there was a positive association with age and for others there was a negative age association. While such mixed findings are typical (e. g. Roper, 1977b), other studies report finding no significant relationship between age and energy conservation (Hogan, 1976; KiLkeary, 1975; Bartel, 1974). Thus age has also failed to act as a consistently good predictor of energy conservation. Family Life Cycle As suggested in the comments concerning the related variable of age, larger families with middle aged parents tend to consume larger amounts of energy (Morrison and Gladhart 1976). While this argument suggests greater opportunities for energy conservation by such households, there are also some countervailing forces. One is that a larger, less fuel efficient automobile may be more of a necessity for larger families. Similarly, to the extent that energy conservation requires some sacrifice, it may be more difficult in our society to deprive children of some energy-consuming activity than it is to deprive self or self and spouse alone. But another countervailing force in the opposite direction may be that children receive more conservation information in school than their parents did and bring this information and related conservation attitudes home (Opinion Research Corporation, 1976b). Once again we are left with unclear expectations about the relationship of the family life cycle variable and energy conservation. Even within the area of gasoline conservation, some studies have found conservation more likely among married persons (Burdge, 1975) while others have found conservation more likely among singles (Roper, 1977b). Similarly, some studies have found greater (gasoline) conservation by families with fewer children (Roper, 1977b), while other studies have found greater (general energy) conservation by families with more children (Kilkearny, 1975). Still other studies have found no significant relationship between energy conservation and family composition or size (Hogan, 1976: Morrison 19775. Gender Expectations for the effect of gender on attitudes toward various conservation practices are difficult to formulate. Farhar et al. , (1979) speculate that home-related energy conservation in heating and appliance use may threaten the traditional role of the woman in providing family comfort. However, several studies show women more favorable toward energy conservation in the home than men (Opinion Research Corporation, 1975b, 1976a; Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977). Other studies find no differences in such attitudes (Bartel, 1974). Within the domain of gasoline-conserving ehaviors, some studies show males to be less favorable (Opinion Research Corporation, 1976a) while others show females to be less favorable (Gallup, 1977a). Again the literature fails to uncover consistent relationships between energy conservation and a potential predictor variable. Other Factors Related to Energy Conservation To a lesser extent, other demographic variables have been examined as predictors of energy conservation behavior Race has been examined with some sort of inconsistencies or no difference in behavior result between blacks and whites (Newman and Day, 1975; Cunningham and Lopreato, 1977). Political party affiliation has also been examined and in some cases Democrats appear more conserving (Opinion Research Corporation, 1975c) and in other cases Republicans appear more conserving (Gallup, 1977a). Urban versus rural area of residence has been examined with little consistency in results. In some studies, rural residents are more conserving (Blakely, 1976; Morrison, 1977), in others urban residents are more conserving (Opinion Research Corporation, 1975d, 1976a), and in others no difference was found (Hogan, 1976). Some studies have gone beyond demographic variables in search for predictors of conservation. One study (Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976) found media exposure and personal sources of information better predictors of conservation attitudes than demographics. Several studies have used activity, interest, and opinion (AIO) variables to predict energy conservation (Morrison, 1977; Barnaby and Reizenstein, 1977; Talarzyk, 1974). Although the results of these studies have found some significant relationships, the substantial differences in AIO items used preclude any generalization of effects of lifestyle on conservation. REASONS FOR INCONSISTENT FINDINGS Several explanations are possible for the contradictory and inconsistent findings of studies seeking factors related to energy conservation. Two explanations offered by both Farhar et al. , (1979) and Anderson and Cullen (1979), are that there are numerous measures and categorizations of independent variables in these studies and that the dependent variable (energy conservation) has also been operationalized in a number of ways. These do not seem to be adequate to explain all of the anomalies found in the literature. While different categorizations and measures of independent variables may explain why a variable is a significant predictor of conservation in some studies but not in others, it does not explain why the same relationships are positive in same studies and negative in others. Another explanation which might be suggested is that the samples and time periods of the various studies were different. However, there are also shortcomings to this explanation. The review by Farhar et al. , (1979) finds little in the way of regional differences in energy conservation findings. Even though all relevant studies have been conducted during the 1970’s, there may be enough volatility in attitudes and behavior during this period that studies of several different years could obtain different findings. However, the series of longitudinal studies reviewed by Murray et al. , (1974) would seem to discount this argument since most of the variables remained relativelY stable. The foregoing explanations may go part way toward explaining the differences in findings obtained, but there is another more compelling explanation. In nearly every instance there are opposing conceptual expectations concerning the nature of the relationship between the predictor variable and conservation of energy. It may well be that the combination of these opposing forces has been sufficient to cause different and even opposite findings in studies with somewhat different samples. Since some of the opposing expectations arise from the correlations between a predictor variable and another variable, a sample which is more homogeneous in such a third variable (e. g. income) than another sample may cause an apparent reversal of the relationship between the predictor variable (e. . education) and energy conservation. With very few exceptions (e. g. Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976), previous studies have used bivariate rather than multivariate methods in order to examine the relationships of interest. One of the improvements offered in the present paper is to employ a multivariate method in order to go beyond the limitations of the la rgely bivariate prior studies. In addition, the present paper seeks a richer set of predictor variables than the largely demographic variables employed in prior research. The primary non-demographic sets of variables added were (1) beliefs about the nature and causes of the energy crisis (often investigated as dependent variables, but not as independent variables), (2) preferences for different energy-related actions, and (3) media exposure variables. No previous study has simultaneously investigated these types of variables. METHODOLOGY In an effort to investigate a wide variety of variables and their effect on gasoline consumption, a sample of 253 heads of households who travel over 150 miles per month was selected using a cluster sampling technique. The data were collected in Salt Lake City, Utah in the spring and summer of 1979 during a period of pronounced shortages and price increases. A structured questionnaire administered by trained interviewers was used to gather information on a variety of potential predictor variables and demographic information. Questions were carefully worded to avoid potential demand characteristics that could result from â€Å"socially acceptable† response options. As discussed above, three primary non-demographic sets of variables were included in the data collection. In addition, current gasoline consumption behaviors and demographic variables were also identified. The five total categories of variables and the dimensions for data gathered in each category are displayed in Table 1. The rationale for choosing to investigate variables in these categories stem from several influences. First, the previous research, discussed at the outset of this paper, tented to narrowly define the potential influences on consumption behavior. The categories used in this study attempt to broaden the base of investigation of potential influences. Second, the types of variables examined in earlier works provided a foundation for the categories of variables used here. Earlier studies were relied on for choosing variables to examine within categories. Finally, since there is an issue related to using demographics versus other types of variables to predict energy-related behaviors, demographics were also included in the investigation. RESULTS The main purpose of data analysis was to identify factors that influence gasoline conservation behavior. The initial step in this procedure was to classify respondents as either conservers or non-conservers of gasoline by virtue of various behaviors. The behaviors used to classify respondents were: 1. estimated mpg of the auto being driven 2. consuming less gasoline than six months ago 3. consuming less gasoline than five years ago 4. currently riding in a car pool 5. moving to a residence closer to work to help conserve gas 6. increase in bus usage TABLE 1 NEANS AND UNIVARIATE F SCORES FOR VARIABLES CONSIDERED AS PREDICTORS If a respondent was engaging in two or more conservation behaviors with regard to the above set of variables, the decision rule was to classify this respondent as a conserver. Respondents engaging in less than two conservation behaviors or behaving in a fashion that indicated increased consumption of gasoline were categorized as non-conservers. On the basis of reported behavior, 83 respondents were classified as conservers and 75 as non-conservers. The remaining 95 respondents were unclassified by virtue of demonstrating contradictory conservation and non-conservation behaviors. In an effort to verify this grouping procedure and thereby establish that legitimately different groups were formed by the process 9 a discriminant analysis was performed on the newly formed conserver and non-conserver groups. The discriminant analysis indicated that each of the variables discussed earlier which were used in the group forming process produced significant (p;. 01) differences between conservers and non-conservers. The most important variables in distinguishing the two groups were consumers’ use of a more fuel efficient auto and consuming less gasoline than five years ago. Further verification of the grouping was provided by the classification matrix in this analysis in which a 90. 5% correct prediction was achieved in classifying respondents as conservers or non-conservers versus maximum chance percentage of 52. %. The establishment of groups which were legitimately different in energy related behaviors provided a foundation for investigating a broad set of potential predictor variables. Table 1 shows the means and univariate F-Scores for the complete set of variables considered. The variables in Table 1 were then analyzed using discriminant analysis for their value in predicting the conserver and non-conserver groups. From the original set of 32 variables viewed as potentially useful predictors, Table 2 shows the results of those that were significant in forming the discriminant function. On a univariate basis, many of the variables distinguish between the conserver and non-conserver groups. Additionally, on a multivariate basis this group of variables provided a highly significant (p . 001) discriminant function. Further evidence of the overall power of the variable set is provided in Table 3 by the classification matrix. Predicted group membership had a 76. 58% accuracy based on the discriminant function formed from the group of predictor variables (again versus a 52. 5% level by the maximum chance criterion, (Morrison, 1969). TABLE 2 SIGNIFICANT VARIABLES IN DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF CONSERVER GROUPS TABLE 3 CLASSIFICATION MATRIX FOP CONSERVER GROUPS In light of the variables’ power in distinguishing between conservers and non-conservers, a discussion of the contribution made by each variable set is worthwhile Beliefs About the Gasoline Shortage This set of predictors indicated consistently different views between conservers and non-conservers. Non-conservers were more prone to believe that no real gasoline shortage existed, that there was less of a need for the country to decrease its consumption of gasoline, and that the gasoline availability problem was due to government bungling of the situation. The conserver group tended toward opposite beliefs in each of these areas. The government issue is one of the strongest contributors to the multivariate prediction of group membership. Evaluation of Potential Solutions Univariate comparisons of the two groups on this set of variables indicate that significant differences exist between the groups on two of six dimensions (closing gas stations on certain days as an acceptable solution and higher prices as a best solution). One possible reason greater differences were not discovered in univariate analysis of these factors is that non-conservers were not convinced a shortage of gasoline really existed. In this context, non-conservers may have found it difficult to evaluate potential solutions to a hypothetical problem. Again, on a multivariate basis, each of the variables in this set contributed significantly to the distinction between the groups. Gasoline Consumption Behaviors This set of variables identifies differences in the way conservers and non-conservers use their personal automobiles. Non-conservers tented to drive a greater number of miles in a year and had a significantly higher percentage of work related use of the automobile. Given the influence of using the automobile for work related purposes, perhaps non-conservers hold a view that there is an element of inflexibility in their ability to conserve gas. This proposition, however, must be evaluated in the context of the non-conservers’ stronger belief that a shortage of petroleum doesn’t really exist anyway. Media Habits The only media habit that was different between the groups was ratio listening behavior and this is only significant in the context of the multivariate analysis. Data were gathered on television viewing behavior and amount of time spent reading the newspaper. As the data in Table 2 indicates, non-conservers spent more time listening to the radio (perhaps as part of work related travel). Demographics The demographic analysis in this current study provides a basis for comparison with previous energy conservation research. The results in Table 2 indicate that conservers are younger, and have higher education and income status than non-conservers. The age relationship is more straightforward than suggested by prior research. The significance of the education variable contributes to the body of evidence which suggests a positive association between conservation and education level (Roper, 1976b; Survey Research Laboratory; Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976; Thompson and MacTavish, 1976; Gallup, 1977a). Conservers were also found to have a higher income than non-conservers. While the difference between groups is not significant on a univariate basis, this is another variable that contributes to the overall differences between the groups on a multivariate basis. In general, the positive association of income to conserver status joins a relatively few previous efforts discovering the same result (Roper 1977b. , Murray et al. ; 1974; Perlman and Warren, 1975a; and Reizenstein and Barnaby, 1976). DISCUSSION First, it may be noted some of the belief, attitudinal, and behavioral predictors are stronger predictors of conserver status than any of the demographic variables. It therefore appears that the inclusion of this enriched set of predictors paid off and that prior studies have been limited by restricting themselves to demographic variables. From a public policy standpoint, the current results indicate that non-conservers simply are not convinced that an energy problem exists. They are clearly more prone to believe that the government is responsible for shortages in petroleum and that decreasing consumption of gasoline will not eliminate the source of the problem. This mentality on the part of non-conservers manifests itself in several ways. The non-conserver group drives less fuel efficient cars and uses car pooling and public transportation far less than conservers. Further, the non-conserving group has shown little effort over the past six months or five years to consume less gas. The lack of belief in the reality of a gasoline shortage also results in lack of enthusiasm by non-conservers for any potential solutions. Admittedly, the conservers were not overly favorable toward most solutions, but non-conservers did not rate a single potential solution positively as a group. Since not one of 75 respondents classified as non-conservers cited higher gas prices as the best solution to the problem, perhaps this tactic would have the greatest impact on the group. Aside from any attempt to speculate regarding specific policy strategies though, the main conclusion is that this group needs to be convinced of the existence of any energy problem. It can also be recognized that non-conservers drive more miles and drive more for work related reasons than conservers. The implication here could be that non-conservers consider the consumption of gasoline a necessity and therefore do not feel they have the flexibility to engage in conservation behaviors. Demographically conservers are younger, more highly educated and higher in income than non-conservers. Perhaps, these demographic factors have contributed to their ability to obtain and comprehend information about the energy situation, hereby influencing their beliefs about its existence. This in turn may have influenced conservers to car pool, use public transportation, drive more fuel efficient cars, and generally reduce consumption of gasoline. At least this cognitive-behavioral chain of events is the one we would expect for a high involvement choice like gasoline conservation. The distinctions between conservers and non-conservers Just discussed were, to a large degree, discov ered through the use of a multivariate approach to the predictor variables. Many factors that were not significant on a bivariate basis, nonetheless, were significant in the context of a multivariate analysis of the two groups. To the extent that factors are operating in conjunction with one another to influence conservation behavior such a simultaneous investigation appears to have promise in untangling the contradictory findings produced by previous bivariate analyses The task of future research investigating energy conservation behavior is to further enhance and enrich the set of predictor variables by taking into account longitudinal changes in the beliefs and attitudes found to be important in this study. To the extent that evolving consumer beliefs about energy problems and consumer consumption behaviors related to these beliefs can be identified, a greater understanding of factors influencing conservation behavior will be attained. REFERENCES Anderson, Dennis and Cullen, Carman (1979), Energy Research from a Consumer Perspective: An Annotated Bibliography, (Ottawa: Consumer and Corporate Affairs Canada). Barnaby, David J. and Reizenstein, Richard to (1977), â€Å"Consumer Attitudes and Gasoline Usage: A Market Segmentation Study,† Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference of American Institute for Decision Sciences, eds. Justin D. Stolen and James J. Conway, 230-232. Bartel, Ted (1974), â€Å"The Effects of the Energy Crisis on Attitudes and Life Styles of Los Angeles Residents,† presented at the 69th annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montreal. Blakely, Edward J. (1976), â€Å"Energy, Public Opinion and the 1976 Public Policy,† California Agriculture, 30, 4-5. Bultena, Gordon L. (1976), Public Response to the Energy Crisis: A Study of Citizens’ Attitudes and Adaptive Behaviors, (Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University). Burdge, Rabel J. et al. , (1975), â€Å"Public Opinion on Energy,† Issues Facing Kentucky, (Lexington, Kentucky: University of Kentucky). R Cunningham, William R. and Lopreato, Sally Cook (1977), Energy Use and Conservation Incentives, (New York: Praeger Publishers). Farhar, Barbara C. , Wells, Patricia, Unseld, Charles T. and Burns, Barbara A. (1979), Public Opinion About Energy: A Literature Review, (Golden, Colorado: Solar Energy Research Institute). Frankena, Frederick, Buttell, Frederick H. and Morrison, Denton E. (1977), Energy/Society Annotations, (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan). Gallup, George (1974), â€Å"Energy Curbs Usage,† The Gallup Opinion Index, (Report No. 04, Princeton: American Institute of Public Opinion). Gallup, George (1977a), â€Å"Energy,† The Gallup Opinion Index, (Report No. 142, Princeton: American Institute of Public Opinion). Gallup, George (1977b), â€Å"Public Remains Unconvinced of Energy Problem,† The Gallup Opinion Index, (Report No. 149, Princeton: American Institute of Public Opinion). Gottlieb, David and Matre, Marc (1975) , â€Å"Conceptions of Energy Shortages and Energy Conserving Behavior,† (presented at 70th Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, San Francisco). Grier, Eunice S. (1976), â€Å"Changing Patterns of Energy Consumption and Costs in U. S. Households,† presented at Allied Social Science Association Meeting, (Atlantic City). Hogan, Janice M. (1976), Energy Conservation: Family Values, Household Practices, and Contextual Variables, Ph. D. dissertation, East Lansing: Michigan State University). Joerges, Bernard (1979), Consumer Energy Research: An International Bibliography, Berlin: The International Institute for Environment and Society. Kilkeary, Rovena (1975), The Energy Crisis and Decision-Making in the Family, NTIS Report No. NSF-SOS GY-11543, (Springfield Virginia: National Technical Information Service. Lowry, D. J. and Good, W. S. (1977), â€Å"The Energy Conscious Consumer: Implications for Marketing,† working paper, (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba). Morrison, Bonnie M. (1977), â€Å"Presidential Energy Consumption: Socio-Physical Determinants of Energy Use in Single Family Dwellings,† in The Behavioral Basis of Design. Book 2, eds. Peter Suedfeld, James A. Russell, Lawrence M. Ward, Francoise Szigeti, and Gerald Davis, (Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden Hutchinson and Ross, 314-320. Morrison, Bonnie Maas and Gladhart, Peter (1976), â€Å"Energy and Families: The Crisis and Response,† Journal of Home Economics, 68, 15-18. Morrison, Donald G. (1969), â€Å"On the Interpretation of Discriminant Analysis,† Journal of Marketing Research, 6, 156-163. Murray, James R. , Minor, Michael J. , Bradburn, Norman M. , Cotterman, Robert G. , Frankel, Martin and Pisarski, Alan E. (1974), â€Å"Evolution of Public Response to the Energy Crisis,† Science, 19, 257-263. Newman, Dorothy R. and Day, Dawn (1975), The American Energy Consumer, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ballinger Publishing Company). Opinion Research Corporation (1974 ), Public Attitudes and Behaviors Regarding Energy Conservation, Waves 12 and 13, Technical Information Service No. PB 259 342). Opinion Research Corporation (1974b), General Public Attitudes and Behavior Toward Energy Saving, Technical Information Service No. 244 980. Opinion Research Corporation (1974c), Trends in Energy Consumption and Attitudes Toward Energy Shortage, Technical Information Service No. 244 983. Opinion Research Corporation (1975A), Consumer Attitudes and Behavior Resulting from Issues Surrounding the Energy Shortage, Technical Information Service No, 244 985. Opinion Research Corporation (1975b), Consumer Behavior and Attitudes Toward Energy-ReLated Issues, Technical Information Service No. 244 986 Opinion Research Corporation (1975c), General Public Attitudes and Behavior Toward Energy Saving, Technical Information Service No. 244 989 Opinion Research Corporation (1975d), How the Public Views the Nation’s Dependence on Oil Imports, Technical Information Service No. 45 828. Opinion Research Corporation (1976a), Private Individual’s Willingness to Make Energy-Saving Efforts and Their Perceptions of Others Doing the Same, Technical Information Service No. 255 946. Opinion Research Corporation (1976b), Parent’s Perceptions of their Children’s Sources of Energy Information and Energy Related Activities, Technical Information No. 261 164. Perlman, Rob ert and Warren, Roland (1975a), â€Å"Effects of the Energy Crisis on Households of Different Income Groups,† presented at the Annual Meeting of The Society of the Study of Social Problems, San Francisco. Perlman, Robert and Warren, Roland L. (1975b), Energy-Saving by Households of Different Incomes in Three Metropolitan Areas, (Waltham, Massachusetts: Brandeis University). Reizenstein, Rich rd C. and Barnaby, David J. (1976), â€Å"An Analysis of Selected Consumer Energy-Environment Trade-Off Segments,† in Educators Proceedings of the American Marketing Association Series #39, (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 522-526. Roper Organization, Inc. (1977a), Roper Reports, (New York: Roper Organization Inc. Roper Organization, Inc. (1977b), Roper Reports, (New York: Roper Organization, Inc. Survey Research Laboratory (1977), Public Reactions to Wind Energy Devices, for the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy, Washington, D. C. , (Urbana: University of Illinois. ) TaLarzyk, W. Wayne and Omura, Glenn S. , â€Å"Consumer Attitudes Toward and Perceptions of the Energy Crisis,† in 1974 Combined Proceedings, ed. Ronald C. Cruham, (Chicago: American Marketing Association, 316-322. Thompson, Phyllis T. and MacTavish, John (1976), â€Å"Energy Problems: Public Beliefs, Attitudes, and Behaviors,† mimeographed paper, Urban and Environmental Studies Institute, Grand Valley State College, (Allendale, Michigan). Walker, Nolan E. and Draper, E. Linn, â€Å"The Effects of Electricity Price Increases on Residential Usage of Three Economic Groups: A Case Study,† in Texas Nuclear Power Policies, (Austin, Texas: University of Texas. Warkov, Seymour (1976), Energy Conservation in the Houston- Galveston Area Complex: 1976, (Houston, Texas: University of Houston). Warren, Donald I. and Clifford, David L. (1975), Local Neighborhood Social Structure and Response to the Energy Crisis of 1973-74. (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan). How to cite Energy Conservation, Papers Energy Conservation Free Essays Energy Conservation Amanda Foshee SCI/275 March 24, 2013 Jocelyn Hunt CET, MPA Energy Conservation Energy conservation should be one of the most research and implemented things we have in our homes today. When we think about energy conservation we think about solar, wind, and water to provide energy. These three renewable energy sources are answers to a lot of questions and help with cutting down on using the nonrenewable sources like coal, natural gas, and oil. We will write a custom essay sample on Energy Conservation or any similar topic only for you Order Now With energy conservation we can help protect what we have on this earth, but we can also make sure there is something for our children to have when they are grown. Renewable Energy Renewable energy is one of the most unused energy sources out there. We have the wind, solar, and water just to name a few. When we use these energy sources not only could we cut down the energy cost for most Americans, but we could save some of the nonrenewable energy sources, such as natural gas, oil, and coal. When you decide to change to renewable energy this might be costly, but in the long run it will pay for itself. It will also help cut down on CO2 production in your home. When using renewable energy sources you have a better in and out door air quality (Ozone, 2012). This would cut down on health issues such as headaches and not getting enough sleep or even death in the worse case outcome (Ozone, 2012). Wind and water are also a good source of renewable energy sources. Not only do they supply power planets and heat homes and or electrical devices, it helps cut down on energy cost (Anarbaev Zakhidov, 2011). When using natural resouces that we see and hear and feel everyday this helps bring down the use of coal, natural gas, and oil products that hurt our enviroment. The â€Å"Epa† (2013) website say, when considering using renewable energy think about this, when we see wind mills or Nigra Falls, we think that it is a wonderful site to see, but it also is a place that produces energy and helps conserve energy and it also provides jobs to millions of people. When you want to use wind or water you have to have a large enough area to up hold this amount of work that needs to be done and make sure that it is not on to much greenland (â€Å"Epa†, 2013). Effect and Affect With energy conservation we have to look at all sides of the equation. We have renewable energy resources that cause little to no harm to the planet or to humans. With the nonrenewable resources we run into it running out and depleting the ozone lays (Ozone, 2012). The effect far weight out the affects because one you have and endless supply of solar, wind, and water to power things and heat a home. With coal, natural gas, and oil once it is gone it is gone. With energy conservation we have to think about the effects and the affects it has on not just the earth but us as a human as well and what it will help with and will not help with. One of the major things that energy conservation helps with is the cut down on the use of nonrenewable energy sources, but it also cuts down on health problems as well along with cutting down on money being spent to heat a home or run a car or a business (Ozone, 2012). With so much to be gained by using the renewable energy the use of nonrenewable should be a thing of the past. With energy conservation doing little things will help changing out light bulbs and switching to energy sufficient appliances. The purchase of these products not only cut down on your monthly bills but also helps with using less energy. Also think about purchasing a system that uses the air and heat from underground to heat your home. Say that it is 3 degrees out side, well underground stay at a constant 60 degrees, so the air is circulated from underground to your home, thus keeps the home warm with out using oil or gas to heat your home (â€Å"Geothermal â€Å", 2013). This is just one of many ways you can conserve energy. Yes, some of the things to manage to conserve energy are expensive, but in the long run it will save you over 99 percent (â€Å"Geothermal â€Å", 2013). If we did simple thing like changing the light bulbs or filling up with gas at half a tank instead of it being on empty would help also. When we pump gas we need to pump early in the mornings because in the heat of the day gas expands so we are paying more and getting less and when pumping gas never fill up while the gas company is there filling the tanks because most of the time they are just stirring up the tanks and what is on the bottom gets into our tanks and always pump slow never fast (â€Å"Gas†, 2013). This will help cut down on the use of gas and oil to power our automobiles. Resource Plan Energy Conservation Plan 1. Action items: To provide a solution for using to much nonrenewable energy sources to using more of the renewable energy sources. My plan is to research the benefits of using renewable energy sources and how much money it would cost to transfer homes to this and how much it would save a person a year and also what benefits it would hold on the nonrenewable sources. I would contact the EPA and local agencies to help in finding this information. 2. Order of action items: ) Research the effects of changing to a renewable energy, ex. the cost and the savings. 2) Lay out a plan that works for the area and the government. 3) Inform the public and the workers of the new information. 3. Action steps: First I would talk to the consumers in the areas and find out what the average monthly total spent each month to run the home and or businesses. Then I would take this information and compare it to what it would cost to change to the renewable energy and how much it would save the consumer each month and over the course of a year. Then I would prepare a presentation for the EPA and local agencies to look over this and come up with a plan to help enforce and make the public aware of the cost. Timeline: |Action Items |Action Steps |Action Steps | |(in the correct order) | | | |Research and compare |Review information that is already available to the public. Month 1–3 | | | | | | |Talk with consumers about what they pay each month in electric and gas. | | | | | | |Document the finds in written form and video and audio. | | |Develop a plan action |Develop a plan that lays out what and why the cost are so different |Month 1–3 | | |Show that cost to cost of the renewable to the nonrenewable is. | | |Provide a detailed plan on how to help cut down the cost | | | |Provide a detailed list of how much it would cost to install the new solar | | | |panels or appliances | | |Schedule a presentation day and time. Call and schedule a meeting with the EPA and the local officials |Month 4 | | |Provide detaile d information packets to everyone | | | |Document the audio and visual equipment needed for presentation and layout of| | | |the room. | |Inform the public |Inform the public of the new regulations and provide them with a copy of the |Month 4–5 | | |packets that explain the pros and cons and the cost difference and a list of | | | |local and government agencies that can help. | | In the End After all is said and done there are many things we can do help with energy conservation. With carbon free fuels and using solar and water and wind to power things (Renewable energy solutions. 2012, Aug 15). This would help cut down on a lot of the depleting of the ozone layers and help with health issues as well. With the use of the renewable sources we have come to find that it powers just as much as the nonrenewable sources can (Anarbaev Zakhidov, 2011). The main thing that we have yet to understand is why we are not using this renewable energy like we should. Instead we are depleting our sources of natural gas and oil and coal to power thing when there are alternatives to powering a machine (Anarbaev Zakhidov, 2011). No matter how we look at we need to start being more conservative with how much electricty we use to how much gas we use to even how much water we use. All this cost us each month to use it. There are simple things we can do to use less of these things. Turn the computer off after you are done using it, wash in cold water instead of hot, switch to energy suffient applances, including light bulbs. Think about investing in a newer heating system like the Geothermal, one that uses the heat from underground to heat and cool your home (Geothermal. 2013). Also think about, if you own your home, switching to solar panels or wind energy. This will help cut cost down and also will help with your homeowners insurance. Just little things like this will help with conserving energy and help not use up what nonrenewable energy sources we have left. When we decide to start doing little things like this we will see a decrease in our monthly cost to run a home or business and we will see that the dem and for these sources go down, which will make cost go down as well. We will also see an increase in better health and better breathing air quality because everything that we burn in put into our air that we breathe. Think about this the better we feel the happier we are. Same way with energy the less of the nonrenewable we use the better off we will be in the long haul. This is because if we deplete our earth of these sources it will throw things off in our world. We need to leave our children with an earth that they can live and survive on. They need to know that energy is a precious gift and we need not abuse it or sooner or later there will be none left. We as humans are here to protect the land that we live on and this means trying to better take care of what we have and not abuse it. References Gas. (2013). Retrieved from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gas Ozone. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. epa. gov/ozone/ Anarbaev, A. I. , Zakhidov, R. A. (2011). Energy-saving and environmentally compatible solar, hydrogen, and gas-turbine technologies. Applied Solar Energy, 47(1), 74-78. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 3103/S0003701X11010063 Renewable energy solutions. (2012, Aug 15). York Daily Record. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/1033659542? ccountid=35812 EPA. (2013). Retrieved from http://nepis. epa. gov/Exe/ZyNET. exe/P100C79D. txt? ZyActionD=ZyDocumentClient=EPAIndex=2011%20Thru%202015%7C1995%20Thru%201999%7C1981%20Thru%201985%7C2006%20Thru%202010%7C1991%20Thru%201994%7C1976%20Thru%201980%7C2000%20Thru%202005%7C1986%20Thru%201990%7CPrior%20to%201976%7CHardcopy%20PublicationsDocs=Query=renewable%20energyTime=EndTi me=SearchMethod=2TocRestrict=nToc=TocEntry=QField=QFieldYear=QFieldMonth=QFieldDay=UseQField=IntQFieldOp=0ExtQFieldOp=0XmlQuery=File=D%3A%5CZYFILES%5CINDEX%20DATA%5C06THRU10%5CTXT%5C00000030%5CP How to cite Energy Conservation, Papers

Communication Develop a Relationship

Question: Discuss about theCommunicationfor Develop a Relationship. Answer: Importance of Communication in the Context of Personal Relationship Communication is the key to develop a relationship. According to Guerrero, Andersen and Afifi (2013), communication can make a relationship as well as can end the relationship. In primary stage of a relationship, the communication should be more informative. The persons should know about each other. In the second stage of relationship, the speaker and the listener should choose the topic of interest. This will help to know each other effectively. Effective communication helps each others to set up trusts and respect for each other. Communication helps to solve various problems, make creative idea, and improve the relationship status and foster environment. Effective communication helps to make the relationship stronger. Both the person gain trust on each other by effective communication. Effective communication enriches the honesty and develops the loyalty. Ellison et al., (2014) mention that effective communication helps to remove the misunderstanding of a relationship. Factors that can Cause Conflicts in Personal Relations Out of Control Emotion and Stress: In view of Claycomb and Martin (2013) during stressed or overwhelmed emotionally one cannot understand the perspective of the others. They can communicate roughly with others and put confusing non verbal signs. This can show unhealthy behaviour of the person that can affect the personal relationship. Lack of Focus: During multitasking, a person cannot concentrate on the communication. For this reason, the person can miss any important point of the conversation that can create issues in the personal relationships. Contradictory Body Language: During conversation, the person should be careful about the body language. If the person asks something to others but its body language shows another meaning then it may affect the personal relationship of those people (Eller, Lev Feurer, 2014). For example, if the person is agreed to one thing but he nods the head, it gives the indication of no. Negative Body Language: If the person shows negative interest to the conversation then it can discourage the partner and therefore a misunderstanding can take place. The person can ask the partner to talk later to avoid the misunderstanding. TWO Different Personal Relationship Conflict Scenarios/Situations Scenario 1: During the conversation between two friends Jon and Rosy, Jon was busy with his mobile. He was hearing music and playing games in mobile. Therefore, he was skipping the important words of Rosy. However, Rosy was talking about the serious matter of their assignments. She was asking for the help of Jon to complete the assignment but Jon did not pay attention. Rosy noticed that the body language of Jon was giving negative signs and he was not communicating properly. Therefore, she became angry and left the room, which made Jon, feel bad. Scenario 2: During conversation with Alice, Phillip was feeling nervous as they met for the first time. They were friends in social networking site for six months. The body language of Phillip gave Alice a negative impression and they did not have proper eye contact. The problem of Alice was that she did not hear Phillip actively and was giving replies without listening to Phillip. Phillip did not like this attitude of Alice and Alice also did to have proper body language. The body language of Alice was giving bad indication to Phillip. Effective Suggestion to Solve these Conflicts Be an Engaged Listener The listener should focus on the speaker to understand the words of the speaker fully. Kelley (2013) opined that the listener should notice the tone of voice, body language and other signs during conversation. If the listener cannot any expression of the speaker, it should ask the speaker again to repeat. For a successful conversation, the eye contact is necessary. Be Patient and Keep Stress Under Control The speaker should have control in its emotions and should deliver the words firmly. If the speaker use relaxes body language then it will help the speaker to reduce the stress. The speaker can do warm up before the conversation as it can light the stress and motivate the speaker (Grunig Hung-Baesecke, 2015). The listener also can do warm up or meditation to be active listener. Pay Attention to the Nonverbal Signals During conversation, many of people use non verbal signs. Therefore they should be careful before using any signs. The non verbal signs include facial expression, tome of voice, use of hands and fingers, breathing, muscle tension, eye contact and posture (Guerrero, Andersen Afifi, 2013). The speaker should avoid crossing hands, sitting awkwardly and miss the eye contact. References Claycomb, C., Martin, C. L. (2013). Building customer relationships: an inventory of service providers objectives and practices.Journal of Services Marketing. Eller, L. S., Lev, E. L., Feurer, A. (2014). Key components of an effective mentoring relationship: A qualitative study.Nurse education today,34(5), 815-820. Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J., Gray, R., Lampe, C. (2014). Cultivating social resources on social network sites: Facebook relationship maintenance behaviors and their role in social capital processes.Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication,19(4), 855-870. Grunig, J. E., Hung-Baesecke, C. J. F. (2015). The effect of relationships on reputation and reputation on relationships. Public Relations As Relationship Management: A Relational Approach To the Study and Practice of Public Relations, 63. Guerrero, L. K., Andersen, P. A., Afifi, W. A. (2013).Close encounters: Communication in relationships. Sage. Kelley, H. H. (2013).Personal relationships: Their structures and processes. Psychology Press.